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عنوان : Nanotechnology Terms
كلمات كليدي: Nanotechnology Terms |
A
Amide
A molecule containing an
amine bonded to a carboxyl
group
Amine A molecule
containing N with a single
bond to C and two other
single bonds to H or C but
not an amide, the amine
group or moiety
Amino Acid A molecule
containing both an amine and
a carboxylic acid group
Anion A negatively
charged ion
Aromatic A term used
to describe cyclic pi-bonded
structures of special
stability
Assembler A general
purpose device for molecular
manufacturing capable of
guiding chemical reactions
by positioning molecules
Atom
The smallest unit of a
chemical element, about a
third of a nanometer in
diameter in diameter. Atoms
make up molecules and solid
objects
Atomic Force Microscope
An instrument able to image
surfaces to molecular
accuracy by mechanically
probing their surface
contours. A kind of
proximity probe
Automated Engineering
Engineering design done by a
computer system, generating
detailed designs from broad
specifications with little
or no human help
Automated Manufacturing
As used here,
nanotechnology-based
manufacturing requiring
little human labour
B
Bacteria
Single-celled
micro-organisms, about one
micrometer (one thousand
nanometers) across
Base In the
Bronsted definition, a
base is a chemical species
that can accept a proton
from another species. In the
Lewis definition, a
base is a chemical species
that can donate and share a
pair of electrons with
another species. See 'Acid'
Bearing A mechanical
device that permits the
motion of a component in one
or more degrees of freedom
while resisting motion in
all other degrees of freedom
Binding The process
by which a molecule becomes
bound, that is, confined in
position with respect to a
receptor. Confinement occurs
because structural features
of the receptor create a
potential well for the
ligand; van der Waals and
electrostatic interactions
commonly contribute.
Bipyridinium Polymer
derived from
N,N-bis[(p-trimethoxysilyl)-benzyl]-4,4'-
bipyridinium bpy
2,2'-Bipyridine
Bond Two atoms are
said to be bonded when the
energy required to separate
them is greater than the van
der Waals attraction energy.
Ionic bonds result from the
electrostatic attraction
between ions; covalent and
metallic bonds result from
the sharing of electrons
among atoms; hydrogen bonds
are weaker and result from
dipole interactions and
limited electron sharing.
When used without
modification, 'bond' usually
refers to a covalent bond
Brownian Assembly
Brownian motion in a fluid
brings molecules together in
various position and
orientations. If molecules
have suitable complementary
surfaces, they can bind,
assembling to form a
specific structure. Brownian
assembly is a less
paradoxical name for
self-assembly (how can a
structure assemble itself,
or do anything, when it does
not yet exist?)
Brownian Motion
Motion of a particle in a
fluid owing to thermal
agitation, observed in 1827
by Robert Brown. (Originally
thought to be caused by
vital force, Brownian motion
in fact plays a vital role
in the assembly and activity
of the molecular structures
of life)
Bulk Technology
Technology in which atoms
and molecules are
manipulated in bulk, rather
than individually
C
Cam A component that
translates or rotates to
move a contoured surface
past a follower; the
contours impose a sequence
of motions (potentially
complex) on the follower
Catalyst A chemical
species or other structure
that facilitates a chemical
reaction without itself
undergoing a permanent
change
Cation A positively
charged ion
CEC Process in which
a chemical reaction precedes
and follows the
electron-transfer process
Cell A small
structural unit, surrounded
by a membrane, making up
living things
Cell Pharmacology
Delivery of drugs by medical
nanomachines to exact
locations in the body
Cell Surgery
Modifying cellular
structures using medical
nanomachines
Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor As used in
CMOS transistors and CMOS
logic
Covalent Bond
A bond formed by sharing a
pair of electrons between
two atoms
D
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
A molecule encoding genetic
information, found in the
cell's nucleus
Diamondoid Stuctures
that resemble diamond in a
broad sense, strong stiff
structures containing dense,
three dimensional networks
of covalent bonds, formed
chiefly from first and
second row atoms with a
valence of three or more.
Many of the most useful
diamondoid structures will
in fact be rich in
tetrahedrally coordinated
carbon
Dipolar Bond A
covalent bond in which one
atom supplies both bonding
electrons, and the other
atom supplies an empty
orbital in which to share
them. Also termed a dative
bond
Disassembler An
instrument able to take
apart structures a few atoms
at a time, recording
structural information at
each step
E
Ecosystem Protector A
nanomachine for mechanically
removing selected imported
species from an ecosystem in
order to protect native
species
Enzymes Molecular
machines found in nature,
made of protein, which can
catalyse (speed up) chemical
reactions
Exploratory Engineering
Design and analysis of
systems that are
theoretically possible but
cannot be built yet, owing
to limitations in available
tools
F
Fullerene A molecule
formed in a hollow,
hexagonal or pentagonal
group shape. Much of the
work on fullerenes is
focused on C60 (carbon-60),
a naturally occurring form
of carbon. These ball-shaped
molecules are considered to
have vast potential for the
generation of new, organic
compounds because each of
the molecule's 60 atomic
corners is available to bond
with other molecules. . The
name is an homage to R.
Buckminster Fuller, for his
writing on geodesic domes.
Also a referred to as
Buckyballs.
G
Group
A set of
linked atoms in a molecule;
a defined substructure.
Typically, a set that is
usefully regarded as a unit
in chemical reactions of
interest
H
Harmonic
Oscillator
A system in
which a mass is subject to a
linear restoring force, like
an ideal spring. A harmonic
oscillator vibrates at a
fixed frequency, independent
of amplitude
I
Intermolecular
Describes an interaction
between different molecules
Ion An atom or
molecule with a net charge
Ionic Bond A chemical
bond resulting chiefly from
the electrostatic attraction
between positive and
negative ions
Immune Machines
Medical nanomachines
designed for internal use,
especially in the
bloodstream and digestive
tract, able to identify and
disable intruders such as
bacteria and viruses
J
K
Kinetic Energy
Energy resulting from the
motion of masses
L
Ligand In protein
chemistry, a small molecule
that is (or can be) bound by
a larger molecule is termed
a ligand. In organometallic
chemistry; moiety bonded to
a central metal atom is also
termed a ligand; the latter
definition is more common in
general chemistry.
Limited Assembler
Assembler capable of making
only certain products;
faster, more efficiently and
less liable to abuse, than a
general purpose assembler.
London Dispersion Force
An attractive force caused
by quantum -mechanical
electron correlation.
M
Molecular Electronics
Any system with atomically
precise electronic devices
of nanometer dimensions,
especially if made of
discrete molecular parts,
rather than the continuous
materials found in today's
semiconductor devices
Molecular Machine Any
machine with atomically
precise parts of nanometer
dimensions; can be used to
describe molecular devices
found in nature
Molecular Manipulator
A device combining a
proximal-probe mechanism for
atomically precise
positioning with a molecule
binding site on the tip; can
serve as the basis for
building complex structures
by positional synthesis
Molecular Manufacturing
Manufacturing using
molecular machinery, giving
molecule-by molecule control
of products and by-products
via positional chemical
synthesis
Molecular Mechanics A
molecular mechanics program
developed by Norman Allinger
and co-workers; the MM2
model is the molecular
potential energy function
described by the equations,
rules and parameters
embodied in that program
Molecular Mechanics /
Cambridge Scientific
Computing A molecular
mechanics program developed
by Cambridge Scientific
Computing that closely
follows the MM2 model,
adding a graphical user
interface and other features
Molecular Medicine A
variety of pharmaceutical
techniques and therapies in
use today
Molecular Nanotechnology
Thorough, inexpensive
control of the structure of
matter based on
molecule-by-molecule control
of products and by-products;
the products and processes
of molecular manufacturing,
including molecular
machinery
Molecular Recognition
A chemical term referring to
processes in which molecules
adhere in a specific way,
forming a large structure;
an enabling technology for
nanotechnology
Molecular Surgery /
Molecular Repair
Analysis and physical
correction of molecular
structures in the body using
medical nanomachines
Molecular Systems
Engineering Design,
analysis and construction of
systems of molecular parts
working together to carry
out a useful purpose
Molecule Group of
atoms held together by
chemical bonds, the typical
unit manipulated by
nanotechnology.
N
Nano A prefix meaning
one billionth
(1/1,000,000,000)
Nanocomputer A
computer with parts built on
a molecular scale
Nanocrystals The
building blocks of
nanotechnology. A
nanocrystal is formed by
combining two or more
inorganic substances,
sometimes with only a single
molecule of each substance.
Nanocrystals have been
formed with a variety of
different elements; the
challenge researchers are
facing now is to control
their size and shape.
Advanced research is looking
at combinations of silicon
and germanium to produce
computer memory. Some of the
first commercial
nanocrystals combine
aluminum and silica to
produce commercial-grade
coatings providing
resistance to heat and rust.
A string of nanocrystals is
called a nanotube.
Nanoelectronics
Electronics on a nanometer
scale, whether by current
techniques or
nanotechnology; includes
both molecular electronics
and nanoscale devices
resembling today's
semiconductor devices
Nanomachine An
artificial molecular machine
of the sort made by
molecular manufacturing
Nanomanufacturing
Same as molecular
manufacturing
Nanosurgery A generic
term including molecular
repair and cell surgery
Nanotechnology Areas
of technology where
dimensions and tolerances in
the range of 0.1nm to 100nm
play a critical role
Nucleus The
positively charged core of
an atom, an object of
-0.00001 atomic diameters
containing > 99.9% of the
atomic mass. Nuclear
positions define atomic
positions
O
P
Positional Synthesis
Control of chemical
reactions by precisely
positioning the reactive
molecules, the basic
principle of assemblers.
Protein Design / Protein
Engineering
The design and construction
of new proteins; an enabling
technology for
nanotechnology
Q
Quantum Mechanics
Describes a system of
particles in terms of a wave
function defined over the
configuration of particles
having distinct locations is
implicit in the potential
energy function that
determines the wave
function, the observable
dynamics of the motion of
such particles from point to
point. In describing the
energies, distributions and
behaviours of electrons in
nanometer-scale structures,
quantum mechanical methods
are necessary. Electron wave
functions help determine the
potential energy surface of
a molecular system, which in
turn is the basis for
classical descriptions of
molecular motion.
Nanomechanical systems can
almost always be described
in terms of classical
mechanics, with occasional
quantum mechanical
corrections applied within
the framework of a classical
model.
R
Receptor A structure
that can capture a molecule
owing to complementary
surface shapes, charge
distributions, without
forming a covalent bond
Replicator A system
able to build copies of
itself when provided with
raw materials and energy
Ribosome A naturally
occurring molecular machine
that manufactures proteins
according to instructions
derived from the cell's
genes
S
Scanning Tunnelling
Microscope An instrument
able to image conducting
surfaces to atomic accuracy;
has been used to pin
molecules to a surface
Sealed Assembler Lab
A general purpose assembler
system in a container
permitting only energy and
information to be exchanged
with the environment
Smart Materials and
Products Materials and
products capable of
relatively complex behaviour
due to the incorporation of
nanocomputers and
nanomachines. Also used for
products having some ability
to respond to the
environment
T
Thermodynamics
A field of study embracing
energy conversion among
various forms, including
heat, work and potential and
kinetic energy
U
V
Van der
Waals Force
Any of
several intermolecular
attractive forces not
resulting from ionic charges
W
X
Y
Z
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